From e780328b253dfd948ca84535767c98dd2adf383e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Dave Gauer <dave@ratfactor.com>
Date: Tue, 13 Apr 2021 20:47:05 -0400
Subject: [PATCH] Add ex066, the first comptime explanation

---
 build.zig                          |  5 ++
 exercises/066_comptime.zig         | 74 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 patches/patches/066_comptime.patch |  6 +++
 3 files changed, 85 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 exercises/066_comptime.zig
 create mode 100644 patches/patches/066_comptime.patch

diff --git a/build.zig b/build.zig
index 50fde90..0eaec0b 100644
--- a/build.zig
+++ b/build.zig
@@ -331,6 +331,11 @@ const exercises = [_]Exercise{
         .main_file = "065_builtins2.zig",
         .output = "A Narcissus loves all Narcissuses. He has room in his heart for: me myself.",
     },
+    .{
+        .main_file = "066_comptime.zig",
+        .output = "const_int=12345, const_float=987.654, var_int=54321, var_float=456.789",
+        .hint = "It may help to read this one out loud to your favorite stuffed animal until it sinks in completely."
+    },
 };
 
 /// Check the zig version to make sure it can compile the examples properly.
diff --git a/exercises/066_comptime.zig b/exercises/066_comptime.zig
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..20a96a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/exercises/066_comptime.zig
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+//
+// "Compile time" is a program's environment while it is being
+// compiled. In contrast, "run time" is the environment while the
+// compiled program is executing (traditionally as machine code
+// on a hardware CPU).
+//
+// Errors make an easy example:
+//
+// 1. Compile-time error: caught by the compiler, usually
+//    resulting in a message to the programmer.
+//
+// 2. Runtime error: either caught by the running program itself
+//    or by the host hardware or operating system. Could be
+//    gracefully caught and handled or could cause the computer
+//    to crash (or halt and catch fire)!
+//
+// All compiled languages must perform a certain amount of logic
+// at compile time in order to analyze the code, maintain a table
+// of symbols (such as variable and function names), etc.
+//
+// Optimizing compilers can also figure out how much of a program
+// can be pre-computed or "inlined" at compile time to make the
+// resulting program more efficient. Smart compilers can even
+// "unroll" loops, turning their logic into a fast linear
+// sequence of statements (at the usually very slight expense of
+// the increased size of the repeated code).
+//
+// Zig takes these concepts further by making these optimizations
+// an integral part of the language itself!
+// 
+const print = @import("std").debug.print;
+
+pub fn main() void  {
+    // ALL numeric literals in Zig are of type comptime_int or
+    // comptime_float. They are of arbitary size (as big or
+    // little as you need).
+    //
+    // Notice how we don't have to specify a size like "u8",
+    // "i32", or "f64" when we assign identifiers immutably with
+    // "const".
+    //
+    // When we use these identifiers in our program, the VALUES
+    // are inserted at compile time into the executable code. The
+    // identifiers "my_int" and "my_float" don't really exist in
+    // our compiled application and do not refer to any
+    // particular areas of memory!
+    const const_int = 12345;
+    const const_float = 987.654;
+
+    print("const_int={}, const_float={d:.3}, ", .{const_int, const_float});
+
+    // But something changes when we assign the exact same values
+    // to identifiers mutably with "var".
+    //
+    // The literals are STILL comptime_int and comptime_float,
+    // but we wish to assign them to identifiers which are
+    // mutable at runtime.
+    //
+    // To be mutable at runtime, these identifiers must refer to
+    // areas of memory. In order to refer to areas of memory, Zig
+    // must know exactly how much memory to reserve for these
+    // values. Therefore, it follows that we just specify numeric
+    // types with specific sizes. The comptime numbers will be
+    // coerced (if they'll fit!) into your chosen runtime types.
+    var var_int = 12345;
+    var var_float = 987.654;
+
+    // We can change what is stored at the areas set aside for
+    // "var_int" and "var_float" in the running compiled program.
+    var_int = 54321;
+    var_float = 456.789;
+
+    print("var_int={}, var_float={d:.3}\n", .{var_int, var_float});
+}
diff --git a/patches/patches/066_comptime.patch b/patches/patches/066_comptime.patch
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e7130c2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/patches/patches/066_comptime.patch
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+65,66c65,66
+<     var var_int = 12345;
+<     var var_float = 987.654;
+---
+>     var var_int: u32 = 12345;
+>     var var_float: f32 = 987.654;